A study was undertaken in the UK by Ginter et al. (1985) to determine whether this academic model had practical applicability. The 4,000 members of the Planning Executive Institute were asked a range of questions to provide a forum for assessing the perceptions of planning and strategic managers in practice. In excess of 1,000 members responded, and the researchers concluded that the model was a good framework for the way strategic planning takes place in the corporate environment. The Ginter et al. (1985) paper described the strategic process as containing eight elements:
vision and mission;
objective setting;
external environmental scanning;
internal environmental scanning;
strategic alternatives (crafting strategy);
strategy selection;
implementation; and
control"
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